Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review

The Dynamics of AI Tools: Analyzing the Impact on University Students' Experiences and Learning Outcomes

2026-04-10T13:31:07+05:00

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the education system by offering new technologies that improve educational process. This study explores the impacts of AI on the experiences and learning outcomes of the university students. The study has three main objectives: the evaluation of the effects of AI use on students learning outcomes; their experiences with AI; and the comparison of their experiences with those without AI. 366 undergraduate students from three HEC-recognized universities in Islamabad- the National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Quaid-e-Azam University (QAU), and International Islamic University (IIU) - were involved in the quantitative data collection process. However, a considerable positive connection was found between AI integration and students’ learning experiences. Higher academic achievements, more individualized learning experiences, and enhanced engagement were reported by students who use AI. Additionally, AI solution can offer instant feedback, sophisticated lear4ning pathways, and tailored recommendations that are streamline with each individual learning preferences and tendencies. The results highlighted the breakthrough potentials of AI in educational settings. It demonstrates that its implementation can boost students’ interaction and academic performance considerably. Due to its adaptive and tailored suggestions along with instant feedbacks, AI tools such as ChatGPT, chatbots, Grammarly and Google AI are increasingly employed for learning. Thus, in order to enhance students’ learning experiences and academic performance, and pave the way for future advancement in education, the responsible use of AI should be encouraged by incorporating AI into universities curricula.

Exploring the Role of Classroom Participation in Enhancing English-Speaking Skills among University Students

2026-04-10T13:34:07+05:00

This research aims to examine the connection between classroom involvement and learning of English speaking skills among the university students. English-speaking skill has assumed an important position among the students in the universities in a world that is slowly turning into a global one in academic and professional practices. Since they have studied English over the years, most students struggle to communicate in English since they have not enough time to engage actively in classroom. The regular teacher-centered approaches are more likely to discourage student participation resulting in lack of confidence and ineffective speaking abilities. The present study discusses the relationship between the engagement in classrooms and the process of English-speaking development in the context of university students with special focus on the significance of multimodal learning practices. Based on the Multimodal Learning Theory, developed by Kress (2010), the proposed study uses mixed-method research design, whereby a structured questionnaire has been used in the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data among the students of the University of Gujrat. The results show that there is a strong positive relation between classroom participation and development of major speaking skills such as fluency, confidence, vocabulary and pronunciation. The other activities such as group discussion, presentation and peer communications were noted to have a very positive effect on the communicative competence of the students. Multimodal features such as visual aids, gestures, online tools were also incorporated and this also added to the learning of language. The role of creating interactive and student-centered learning environments is underlined in the study. The results suggest that educators should consider adopting the participatory and multimodal teaching practice as a way of facilitating successful language learning. The findings have practical implications for enhancing English speaking skills in higher education, particularly in the context of English as a Second Language (ESL).

Symbiotic Subjectivities and Posthuman Cartography of Identity in Iftikhar’s Divided Species and Chambers’ The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet

2026-04-18T18:30:47+05:00

In this paper, the authors discuss Iftikhar’s Divided Species and Chambers’ The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet in the light of Hayles’ How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. This paper advocates for a version of posthumanism that promotes long-time and peaceful coexistence of biological, artificial, and human life in the universe by highlighting inclusivity, diversity, and interspecies cohabitation in a technologically driven society. It focuses on identity, fragmented embodiment, distributed consciousness, and the symbiotic relationship between humans, artificial intelligence, and other species, as well as the challenges they face in adaptation of identity in a digitally saturated environment, with reference to human and nonhuman beings. With the combination of fantastic and realistic elements, Divided Species portrays unstable identity empathy, greed, interspecies conflict, xenophobia, and societal influences on career choices in a multispecies environment, ultimately revealing transformative power and culminating in a profound understanding of harmony and interspecies symbiosis. Similarly, The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet a social commentary about identity, belonging, family, community, trauma, grief, healing, diversity, inclusiveness, personal growth, self-discovery, and existential dilemmas chronicles the adventures of a multispecies crew on board the spacecraft Wayfarer as they travel to a far-off planet to negotiate a peace treaty. It presents a posthuman society based on cooperation and crosscultural interaction. The protagonist, Rosemary flees a difficult background and learns to live and grow as a person in multispecies crew. This study includes elements that vary from previous science fiction writings and represents a big transition in science fiction genre. Divided Species’ setting of modern Karachi, a Pakistani metropolis, decenters western hegemony, and The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet decenters imperialistic space exploration. This paper emphasizes cross-cultural understanding and information exchange among species, revealing the global scope of human and posthuman development.

Impact of Infrastructure on Student Learning Outcomes in SEF’S FAS Schools in Sindh

2026-04-23T13:22:48+05:00

The research examine the impact of infrastructure encompassing classroom environment, school facilities, learning resources, recreational facilities, and sanitation on academic performance in SEF's Foundation Assisted Schools (FAS) in Sindh, with a specific focus on the mediating role of student engagement. A total of 481 student participants were recruited using purposive sampling. The data was obtained through a closed -ended structured questionnaire with the use of 5 point Likert scale. Smart PLS was used for data analysis because of the complexity of the model and a survey method was utilized for data collection. The result indicated that classroom environment, school facilities, learning resources, recreational facilities, sanitation and hygiene all have a positive impact on student engagement and academic performance while student engagement has a positive effect on academic performance. Similarly, the impact of class environment, school facilities, learning resources, recreational facilities, and sanitation and hygiene facilities on academic performance is positively mediated by student engagement. Thereby, if students are more engaged and more likely to perform well in a well and clean school, academic outcomes also improve. The educational system needs to tackle issues of infrastructure and engagement in the classroom to help students do well and succeed educationally.

From Seoul to Mumbai: A Comparative Analysis of How K-Pop and I-Pop Shape New Forms of English in Global Entertainment

2026-04-25T17:17:03+05:00

This research explores how English is used in two major Asian music industries which are K-Pop and I-Pop. In different digital platforms English is now spreading faster and it appears in new hybrid forms so, this study compares how Asian music adopt English differently. It uses a qualitative content analysis of 20 selected songs, 10 from each industry to understand the purposes. Using Kachru’s (1985) Three Circles Model because it highlights each industry’s position. The findings show clear contrasts. As in K-Pop, English is used mainly for symbolic reasons while on the other hand, Indian Pop uses English as a natural part of India’s multilingual culture. Overall, this study contributes to cultural exchange, identity formation and ongoing evolution of world English. Future studies can look more deeply at how English in different industries changes over time. Researchers can study larger samples of songs to understand the language patterns more accurately.

Role of Transformational Leadership in Faculty Achievement: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment and the Moderating Role of Organizational Culture

2026-04-27T16:00:02+05:00

The effectiveness of leadership in higher education has become a critical concern, particularly in public sector universities operating under bureaucratic and resource- constrained environments. This study examines the role of transformational leadership in enhancing faculty achievement, with a focus on the mediating effects of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and the moderating influence of organizational culture. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected from 314 faculty members working in public sector universities in Islamabad. The study utilized PLS-SEM to test the measurement and structural models. The results indicate that TL has a significant positive impact on FA, JS, and OCo. JS emerged as a strong mediator in the relationship between leadership and FA, while OCo showed a weaker but significant mediating effect. OC was found to moderate the relationship between TL and JS, although it did not significantly moderate the relationship with OCo. The findings suggest that leadership effectiveness in higher education is largely dependent on faculty attitudes and institutional context. This study contributes to leadership theory by integrating psychological and contextual variables into a unified model and offers practical insights for policymakers and academic leaders aiming to improve faculty performance in public universities.

Exploring the Impact of Teacher Ideologies on ESL Learners Language Acquisition

2026-05-07T13:10:27+05:00

This paper investigates how teacher ideologies affect the language acquisition of ESL learners in Bahawalpur district. The major goals were: (1) to determine and test the prevalent teacher ideologies, which are possessed by ESL teachers in the chosen setting, (2) to explore the role of teacher ideologies in the outcome of language development, and (3) to explore the connection of instructor ideologies and the instruction practice in ESL learners language acquisition. The sample included ESL educators in state and privately owned institutions of the district of Bahawalpur. Stratified random sampling was used to sample 120 teachers so as to have representation in terms of gender, type of institution and years of experience in teaching. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data on the beliefs of teachers, their perceived learner outcomes, and the instructional practices of the teachers. Statistical package of the social sciences (SPSS) version 26 was used to analyze the collected data with the help of the descriptive statistics such as mean scores, standard deviation, frequency and percentages analysis. The results indicated that communicative and learner-centered ideologies prevailed among ESL educators and specifically, the beliefs centering on communicative competence, learner motivation, meaningful interaction and student autonomy. The outcomes also showed that the teacher views of the teacher agree that the ideologies play a significant role in fostering confidence, fluency of learners, and grammatical development of the learners and their general language proficiency. Moreover, the results were also characterized by a high level of alignment between teacher beliefs and classroom instructional practices indicating that the pedagogical choices are predominantly dependent on ideological orientations. Nonetheless, the moderate endorsement of grammar-oriented and examination-based practices is contextual educational pressure.

Problems of Federalism and Provincial Autonomy in Pakistan under the Rule of Pakistan Peoples Party (1971-1977)

2026-05-07T13:16:53+05:00

Various scholars agree that after the dismemberment of Pakistan in 1971, the remaining Pakistan was once again at the starting point rather somewhat behind the starting point (of 1947) since the country still had to face numerous challenges to survive and was being ruled under martial law without a regular constitution. It goes without saying that although the post-1971 Pakistan comprised of contiguous zones and enjoyed somewhat more territorial coherence, nevertheless, the building blocks of statehood and nationhood were still remarkably diverse in its cultural, linguistic and racial composition coupled with the asymmetric demographic and territorial demarcation of the constituting units of the federation. Furthermore, these administrative zones possessed different experience of administration and varied in their exposure toward political and economic modernization and development. In that Pakistan, the Bhutto regime enjoyed unhindered executive power at the centre; it had been viewed as a continuation of a strong unitary form of government which attempted to establish one-party system in the length and breadth of the country while suppressing the opposition political parties in general and political elite from the smaller provinces of Balochistan and North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) in particular. As a natural consequence of this recurrent denial of regional autonomy to the different subnational groups of Pakistan, the civilian rule again failed to deliver and Martial Law was imposed in the country in 1977. In that background, the present research work reviews significant political developments in Pakistan with respect to the functioning of federalism and the problem of regional autonomy during the PPP rule (1971-1977) and finds that the unwarranted concentration of political power within very few hands and the enforcement of unilateral decision on the provincial governments from the centre led to the spread of chaos and unrest within the smaller units of Pakistan whose impacts are evenly visible over the political system of the contemporary Pakistan.

A Scoping Review of L2 Demotivation Research in Pakistan: Trends, Factors, and Gaps (1995–2025)

2026-05-10T15:33:56+05:00

The current review examines the temporal, methodological, contextual and thematic trends in research on demotivation in second language acquisition (SLA) in Pakistan over the past three decades. In Pakistan, English is the predominant language of instruction, official correspondence and social mobility. It is imperative to understand the causes and effects of learner demotivation in this domain. After a thorough search of major academic databases, the studies on L2 demotivation in Pakistani context were reviewed and data charted. The analysis reveals a gradual increase in interest in the subject after 2010, with a dominant focus on higher education contexts and frequent use of qualitative methods, largely overlooking younger learners, longitudinal methodologies and intervention-based investigations. Teacher-related factors, examination pressure, learning environment, and socio-cultural constraints were identified as significant demotivators. This review underscores the necessity for research on L2 demotivation in Pakistan that is more context-sensitive, theoretically informed, and methodologically diverse.

Reconstructing Identity through Language and Image: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of Beauty Brands in Pakistan on Social Media

2026-05-11T11:39:12+05:00

The study explores luxury and affordable beauty brands construction of identities through lexical and visual strategies in Instagram advertisements within Pakistani context. The study is grounded in Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis (MCDA) and Social Semiotic Theory and explores language and visual elements working together to form brand identities and position the target audience. The data consists of advertisements from luxury brands such as Dior, Chanel, Guerlain, Prada and YSL. The affordable brands included are Maybelline, NYX, e.l.f., Sheglam and Essence. Using purposive sampling both captions and the static images are analyzed to identify patterns in lexical choices, visual composition, and brand narratives. The findings of the study state that luxury advertisements use formal, technical language and incorporate minimalist visuals to construct a narrative of exclusivity, prestige and refinement. In comparison, affordable advertisements use interactive language with dynamic and vibrant visuals creating a sense of reliability, accessibility and everyday use for its consumers. The study concluded that beauty advertisements not only carry out product promotions, but they also operate as a multimodal system reflecting consumer identities and social meanings. The research contributes to the field of Discourse Analysis by foregrounding the impact of language and visuals in shaping brand communication in social media and digital domain.

Forensic Critical Analysis of Imran Khan’s 2017-18 Defamation Case: A Critical Discourse Approach Using Fairclough’s Model"

2026-05-14T00:53:38+05:00

This study investigates the linguistic features, power relations and ideology in defamation case filed against Imran Khan by Mir Shakeel-ur-Rehman in 2017-2018. It specifically explores linguistic characteristics, power dynamics, and ideological constructs in media–politics conflicts in Pakistan. Language has been a key point of legal and political struggle, in which discourse does not merely convey claims, but also establishes a power dynamic, ideological location, and institutional authority. Although research on political and legal discourse has increased globally, there is a notable gap of forensic linguistic studies focusing on defamation cases involving media–politics conflicts in Pakistan. The study uses Fairclough’s three dimensional model, forensic linguistics and critical discourse. A mixed-method approach based on qualitative critical discourse analysis and quantitative frequency analysis of legal lexicons was adopted. The data consisted of the court issued notice titled “Legal notice for defamation under section 8 of defamation ordinance, 2002” and selected transcripts of Imran Khan’s media briefings. Qualitative findings reveal that the legal notice contains formal dictative language to legitimize institutional authority and judicial power. Khan’s counter narrative constructs him as a subjected political actor suffering from media and judicial winds of politics. Quantitative results demonstrate a high frequency of abstract legal nouns and evaluating terms reflecting ideological positioning and judicial power. The study recommends further forensic linguistic studies on political and legal discourse in Pakistan. It also highlights the importance of critical discourse analysis in understanding institutional dominance and contesting authority.

Stasis to Mobility: Tracing Empowerment and Identity in Ayesha Malik's Sofia Khan Series

2026-05-14T01:12:32+05:00

The present paper closely reads Ayesha Malik’s Sofia Khan Series novels: Sofia Khan is Not Obliged (2015), The Other Half of Happiness (2017), and Sofia Khan and the Baby Blues (2022) following the observations made by Sayima Aslam in her theoretical work From Stasis to Mobility: Arab Muslim Feminists and Travelling Theory (2017). Aslam emphasizes women’s transformation from stagnation to empowerment and discusses the female subjectivity within patriarchal society. This research paper focuses on the characters of Sofia Khan and her mother Mehnaz, examining their transformational journeys from stasis to mobility. Throughout their intertwined journeys Malik’s trilogy of Sofia Khan novels depicts the intricate realities of contemporary Muslim women that how women regain their identities and their positions differently under societal pressure while living in a male dominated society. This research paper highlights how Malik’s trilogy of novels, contributing to discussions about female empowerment in South Asian postcolonial fiction, suggests that real fulfillment is created by openness to change, persistence, and reinventing one’s self with the limiting social constraints.

Global Insights, Local Roots: A Case Study of University–Community Collaboration in Nepal

2026-05-16T12:34:39+05:00

This paper presents a case study of Nepal with special reference to Far Western University (FWU), examining how a young, growing higher education institution engages with the communities to enhance their capabilities and providing the opportunities in their all-round development. University-community partnerships are emerging as critical mechanisms for driving overall development. The research adopts a qualitative case study approach and investigates university–community collaboration and explores how such partnerships function effectively. FWU integrates community-based learning, participatory research, and localized curriculum development to align academic activities with regional as well as national needs. The university executes several activities and initiatives ranging from agricultural training, awareness programs and public health outreach to the documentation of indigenous culture and values, reflecting a commitment to both local empowerment and global scholarship. To become socially responsible universities should seek opportunities to have collaboration with the community they exist.