Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review

Gul Bangulzai: Author of the first Novel “Dreehav” in Brahui Literature

Muhammad Imran — 2026-01-15

This research seeks to explore Gul Bangulzai's contribution to the emergence of Brahui literature, particularly his socio-cultural representation in Dreehav (1989) as being the first Brahui novel and its critical portrayal of Baloch tribal society. Brahui is an old language that has a solid oral tradition but only tardily, it began to deal with the post-modern fiction. The journey from folk literature, through short stories in the 1950s and ultimately to the novel is part of a wider societal and literary evolution. Gul Bangulzai was a prominent figure at this time that forms the modern Brahui prose. The method followed by this inquiry is a qualitative literary analysis of the primary texts and their critical reception in an attempt to offer interpretations of themes, characters and socio-historical references. The research claims that Dreehav powerfully articulates nomadic lifestyle, tribal hierarchies, class exploitation and gender discrimination in Baloch society. Bangulzai articulates rural marginality and feudal exploitation with vivid characters and narratives. His writings span oral tradition and contemporary fiction contributing to the canon of pacesetter genre in modern Brahui literature. More studies on the comparative analysis of Brahui novels and translations should be conducted. Universities need to consider Brahui literature so that this infant literary tradition is preserved and enhanced.

Youth Political Disengagement in Pakistan: Causes and Consequences

Zainab Asif — 2026-01-15

The study examines the Pakistan’s increasing youth political disengagement problem which poses a threat to stability of Pakistan. Finding the root cause of this disengagement and understanding its long term effects on the country’s democracy and governance are the main goal. Since youth have historically been important in political initiatives, historical studies show that after the ban on student union and the emergence of dynastic politics, there was a trend toward disengagement. The study looks at the causes of disengagement using a descriptive and exploratory approach and gathers information from focused discussion with individuals aged 18 to 35.The results shows that disengagement is caused by political mistrust, elite power, unstable governance, lack of civic education and socio-economic issues. The study also highlights the way in which youth civic engagement is essential to support the stability of Pakistan’s democratic system and understanding the strategies of youth political disengagement. The study recommendations demands for the restoration of student union, setting up the youth quotas in parliament and the addition of meaningful civic education in order to restore the political engagement of youth.

Bridging the Divide: A Comparative Analysis of Matriculation and O-Level English Curricula in Pakistan

Shazia Nasreen — 2026-01-16

This paper investigates the differences between national Matriculation curriculum and the Cambridge O-Level curriculum to determine the differences in teaching English at the secondary education level. Using analysis of curriculum documents, semi structured teacher interviews and extensive student surveys, the analysis measures the breadth of content coverage, methods used in instruction and the modes used in assessment by the two systems. The outcomes demonstrate that, unlike the Matriculation curriculum, including mostly rote memorization and grammatical correctness, the O-Level structure prefigures communicative competence, higher-level critical thinking, and creative articulation. However, structural inequalities and socio-economic inequalities still mediate access to high-quality education as well as the results of education. In light of these results, the article presents evidence-based policy suggestions that can support curriculum change, strategic alignment, and redesigning of assessment and narrow the divide between the two systems to promote national English proficiency.

Blended Learning for the Teaching of Story Writing: An Experimental Study

Irum Batool — 2026-01-16

The study investigates the effectiveness of blended learning and online collaborative learning tools for teaching story writing. Theoretical framework is based on Constructivism (Jonassen, 2000; Seimen, 2004), and Cognitivism (Mayer, 2002) for this experimental study. The experimental research has a quantitative paradigm and conducted on purposively selected 50 undergraduate learners distributed into control and experimental groups, with 25 participants in each group. The experimental group was taught through blended learning, and the control group was taught face-to-face. The treatment for the experimental group was given in the form of both face-to-face classroom sessions and online sessions including Wattpad, Wikispacesclassroom, Storybird, and Penzu. The study's findings revealed that interactivity, variety in the ways of teaching, collaboration among students for writing stories, exposure and interaction with the communities of practice, and feedback from instructors and peers were the factors responsible for the high scores and performance of learners in the experimental group. The study recommends using a blended learning approach to teach story-writing skills. Furthermore, modern trends in AI and innovations should be incorporated in blended learning, as technology has a major role in every field of life.

Formal and Informal Language Dialects Use in Kashmiri and Urdu: A Comparative Linguistic Analysis

Maryam Sikandar — 2026-01-19

This study aims to compare the formal and informal registers of Kashmiri and Urdu by specifying differences in vocabulary, grammar, and patterns of use across every day and literary-academic contexts. The sociolinguistic setting of Jammu and Kashmir provides a distinctive background in which Kashmiri operates as the indigenous language while Urdu holds official status, resulting in stratified language use. Previous scholarship has acknowledged diglossia in the region, but detailed register-based contrasts remain limited. Adopting a qualitative approach, the study analyzes data from spoken interactions, literary texts, academic materials, and policy documents to examine syntax, lexical choice, address forms, and code-switching practices. The findings show that informal Kashmiri relies on a largely Sanskrit-derived lexicon and flexible V2 syntax, supporting intimacy and local identity, whereas formal Urdu is marked by Persian–Arabic vocabulary, standardized SOV grammar, and high codification. A functional distribution persists, though increasing code-switching reflects shifting identities. It is recommended that language policy and education systems promote Kashmiri alongside Urdu to support linguistic balance and cultural preservat

Working Hours Patterns in Pakistan and Japan: A Policy-Oriented Comparative Study

Ayesha Dilawar — 2026-01-22

This research aims to explore the working hour regulations in Japan and Pakistan. The study compares both countries in order to find why labor policies failed in practice and how it can be improved. The study is conducted by using an analytical approach and qualitative methodology. Secondary sources are consulted to provide a thorough grasp of the laws governing working hours in both nations. The results find that both countries are facing a similar problem of excessive working hours, but the underlying causes are different. In Japan, the reasons behind extended working hours are cultural factors and social norms while in the Pakistan unemployment and weak enforcement are the main causes. The study suggests that strong enforcement of working hour regulations requires not only strong legal framework but also encouraging cultural, social, and economic conditions. Recommendations include strong enforcement and harmonizing culture with legislation.

The Technological Competition between USA, Europe and China and its Geopolitical Implications

Mubasshar Hassan Jafri — 2026-01-29

The paper examines the technological competition among major powers. It suggests that tech supremacy will define who holds the future. The technology competition or war primarily began between United State of America (USA) and China has also engulfed European and Asian states which are advanced in High-Tech Manufacturing (HTM). Both the US and China want global supremacy in HTM like Artificial Intelligence (AI), semiconductors, quantum computing and innovation system. To maintain its status as a leading super power, United States of America (USA) has introduced policies to restrict its allies’ to sale HTM to Beijing. Conversely, China has established strong economic ties with the HTM countries over the past few decades. The study is simply qualitative and utilized secondary data. The race for technological supremacy will be won by the country which had the support of HTM producing countries. Both the US and China want these states to remain on its sides. The competition has put different states at a difficult situation. States might bear economic loss by choosing sides and face security threats from any side. With this background the study would investigate the chances of cooperation or conflict between US and China. The competitive situation might lead to protectionism or end of globalization. This might be a start of new cold war between US and China.

Cybersecurity in Pakistan: Public Opinion and the Effectiveness of Government Response

Neha Arif — 2026-01-29

In the digitalization world, Pakistan faces challenges due to the expansion of online social media and financial frauds. Cyberattacks such as malware, phishing, and hacking make cybersecurity awareness necessary among the citizens and at the national level. This study examines the public opinion on cybersecurity awareness and government initiatives. A quantitative research approach was adopted using an online survey that was designed to collect data from 400 participants. The results show that cyber security awareness, knowledge of government initiatives, and cyber law remain limited. Many citizens use security practices, but citizens' behavior—clicking suspicious links—faces cyberattacks. The study further shows that experiences of cybercrimes negatively impact public trust. The report concludes that strengthening institutional collaboration, public awareness campaigns, and law enforcement are essential to improving cybersecurity governance and rebuilding public confidence in Pakistan.

Economic Performance and its Relationship with Democratic Stability: Evidences from Pakistan

Arooj Nasir — 2026-01-30

This study examines the relationship between economic performance and democratic stability in Pakistan. It seeks to assess whether economic growth alone can ensure democratic consolidation or if institutional factors play a mediating role. Pakistan’s democratic experience has remained fragile due to recurring economic crises and political instability. High unemployment, income inequality, and weak governance have eroded public trust. Electoral transitions and regional disparities, particularly in Baluchistan and former FATA, further highlight democratic vulnerabilities. These challenges make it necessary to analyze the economic foundations of democratic stability. The study adopts a qualitative research approach based on secondary sources, including academic literature, economic reports, and election data. A descriptive analytical method is applied. The findings indicate that economic growth encourages democratic participation and institutional trust. However, economic downturns intensify socio-political discontent and instability. Democratic stability depends heavily on institutional quality, civil–military balance, and media freedom. The study recommends integrated policies focusing on inclusive growth, strong institutions, media autonomy, and active civic engagement to ensure democratic consolidation in Pakistan.

A Multimodal Discourse Analysis of the Pakistan Government's Selected Laptop Distribution Advertisements

Attiya Khanam — 2026-01-31

The study critically analyses the discourses of the advertisements of laptop scheme launched by the federal and provisional governments of Pakistan during the year 2025.The aim of the study is to examine the use of multimodality in the advertisements. The research is qualitative in nature and takes insights from Machin's (2012, 2007) multimodal framework to analyze the semiotic and linguistic resources used in the advertisements. The sample of the study is purposely selected from the official websites of the government of Pakistan. The findings of study reveal that the young citizens are represented as powerful, technologically skilled, and progressive subjects and the laptop is presented not merely as an object, but as a medium symbolizing access, possibility, and bright future. These advertisements provide a visual hierarchy that glorifies the political elite and legitamize their power. The leadership is purposefully portrayed highly empathetic towards the youth. The study uncovers the beautiful interplay of power, ideologies and .language in governmental discourse

Ethnic Struggle in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: A Case of Parachinar

Ayesha Javed — 2026-02-06

This observe ambitions to explore the underlying causes and dynamics of ethnic warfare in Parachinar, Kurram District, analyzing its effect on nearby groups and seeking to make a contribution to a deeper understanding of the complexities of ethnic family members inside the place. Ethnic war has been a chronic task in Parachinar, characterized with the aid of deep-seated divisions and violent clashes among special ethnic companies, driven by complicated ancient, cultural, and socio-political elements. To investigate this important trouble, this studies adopted a qualitative method, employing a case study layout that applied focus group discussions, participant observations, and report evaluation to acquire in-depth insights into the dynamics of ethnic family members. Via good sized fieldwork and review of present literature, along with ancient statistics and news reviews, rich qualitative information turned into amassed, and thematic evaluation turned into applied to identify patterns and themes. By using reading the historical, cultural, and socio-political elements contributing to these conflicts, this research seeks to tell strategies for promoting peace and reconciliation inside the area. The look act’s qualitative approach enabled an in-intensity knowledge of the social, cultural, and ancient contexts shaping ethnic battle in Parachinar, offering treasured insights into the lived studies of local network contributors. In the long run, this research objectives to make contributions to a deeper expertise of the complexities of ethnic warfare in Parachinar, with the goal of informing rules and interventions that may help mitigate tensions and promote peaceful coexistence amongst numerous ethnic corporations in the area. By shedding mild at the underlying reasons and dynamics of ethnic struggle, this look at hopes to make a significant contribution to the field of struggle decision and peace studies.