Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review

Silenced Narratives, Enduring Wounds: A Feminist Examination of Trauma and Power in Anuradha Roy's Sleeping on Jupiter

Asma Rahim — 2024-09-30

This research paper examines the portrayal of women’s trauma and its frequent misinterpretation within the androcentric society, as depicted in Anuradha Roy’s novel, Sleeping on Jupiter. Through a feminist analysis of the novel, the study analyzes how societal norms not only shape the experience of trauma but also its recognition and authentication. The research is qualitative in nature and explores the concept of “insidious trauma,” and “secret trauma,” faced by the protagonist in the given novel which is often ignored due to the biased nature of the social and cultural norms. The research follows Cathy Caruth's concept of trauma as a methodological framework. The research concludes that the seemingly ordinary experiences, silenced narratives, and gender disparities significantly contribute to the inadequate representation of women’s trauma. This novel el can further be explored from the perspective of intersectionality to examine how race and d gender identity impact the experiences of abuse survivors.

Reconnoitering Khwaja Amir Khusrau’s Ambilingual Translingualism in his qawwali قوالی: Zihal-e- miskeen makun taghaful duraey naina banaey battiyyan زی حالِ مسکیں مکن تغافل درائے نیناں بنائیں بتیاں

Priya Anwar — 2024-10-11

This paper investigates the ambilingual & translingual stance by Khusrau’s (1253-1325) in his qawwali. Aitmatov, (1984) describes translingualism as writing in more than one language. Khusrau’s translingualism is analyzed from the vantage point of ‘yoking’ i.e., using two languages in one verse. This framework is used in Sufi literature, through Yoko’s (2003)’s ‘exophony’ and Aitmatov’s (1984), yoking. These involve using the Persian language in the first verse while Braj Bhasha in the second. Coding by Braune & Clarke (2006: 20-25) is used as a method to investigate tarnslingualism. Research on translingualism is mostly for Western languages. This paper contributes to Eastern translingualism, with Sufi transposition. The thematic analysis has shown the that thematic structures are universal for Western and Eastern languages. It will bring Western and Eastern corridors together for poets and writers from Eastern cultures who can use the findings to work on linguistic considerations of languages by producing trans-lingual texts. The future researchers are recommended to work on similar patterns on their own regional languages and discover similarities and differences in translingual patterns.

The Social and Psychological Impact of Migration upon Individual Life as Portrayed by Mohsin Hamid in His Novel Exit West

Badshah Hussain — 2024-10-12

The objective of this research paper is to examine various social and psychological aspects of migration in Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West. Utilizing qualitative research methods, such as thematic and narrative analysis, the study highlights the ways in which Hamid’s work supersedes xenophobic stereotypes and evokes empathy instead. This paper tries to achieve the goals to explain the paradox of racism and multiculturalism in Exit West so that the stereotypical image of migrants may be limited; understand the loss and the attachment and detachment to new identities in the context of displacement; and to analyse the relation between multiculturalism and geo-cultural integration through molecular exchanges in cultures that have no desire to become assimilated into the hegemonic culture. It follows that Hamid does not narrowly portray migration, rather embraces multiple dimensions of it: emotional experiences accrued as part of the physical movement, with the aid of magic realism enhancing the emotional progress of the migration experience of each character.

Lexical Analysis of Promotional Narratives on Social Media: Constructing Tourism Image of Pakistan

Muhammad Manshoor Hussain Abbasi — 2024-10-14

This paper analyzes the language in the promotion of Pakistani tourism on social media through lexical analysis. Through the repetition of words, phrases, and hashtags, the study deepens how language is being used to bring about a positive image of Pakistan relating to nature, adventure, culture, and heritage. Grounding is on the Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT) explaining how users seek and engage with tourism content to fulfill their informational needs and curiosities. The research utilizes keyword frequency analysis combined with qualitative lexical analysis to unravel words and associations defining Pakistan's scenic beauty, its cultural diversity, and opportunities in adventure. Results are evident, showing that hashtags and keywords play a very critical role in increasing visibility and user engagement, hence becoming an important lexical tool for usage. Trends of language in tourism marketing should be updated and followed constantly using strategic hashtags and keywords to increase interaction and enhance the digital image of Pakistan as a travel destination.

The Superhuman’s Transition to a Killing Monster: A Philosophical Approach to Frankenstein

Nouman Yousaf — 2024-10-14

This research paper explores the creature's nature in Frankenstein as transitioning from a superhuman to a killing monster. Through an exploration of human nature in the novel, the study analyzes how society plays a crucial role in forming one’s personality and how an individual changes owing to others' attitudes. The research is qualitative and offers a new way to analyze the unexplored reason behind the monster’s cruel nature. The research follows John Locke’s concept of Tabula Rasa as a methodological framework. The research concludes that the monster is superhuman but revengeful because of his master and the physical appearance of the creature misleads the characters and makes them treat him harshly which transitions him into a killing monster. The novel can further be explored from the perspective of eco-gothic to examine how disturbing natural order turns into horror and anxiety. It will challenge anthropocentric views and inspire ecological responsibility.

A Psychoanalytic Reading of Eustacia Vye: Exploring the Philosophy of Hardy’s Tragic Heroine

Qasim Ali Kharal — 2024-10-12

This research examines Eustacia Vye, the tragic protagonist from Thomas Hardy’s The Return of the Native (1878), through a psychoanalytic perspective, drawing on Sigmund Freud’s principles of the id, ego, and superego. Eustacia’s character embodies the profound internal conflicts that emerge when an individual’s desires, reality, and moral consciousness collide. The analysis examines Eustacia’s powerful id-led impulses – her longing for escape, passion, and satisfaction – which dictate her choices and steer her into challenging circumstances. This research is qualitative in nature and descriptive in design. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, proposed in his works The Introduction of Psychoanalysis (1917) and The Ego and the Id (1923) is taken as a theoretical framework. The study highlights the complexities of human psyche in Hardy’s work, illustrating how the failure to reconcile desire, reality, and morality can result in devastating consequences.

Marxist Concerns in Anita Desai’s ‘The Village by the Sea’

Muhammad Ali Khan — 2024-10-15

Marxist critical theory views the superstructure as a reflection of the socio-economic conditions of a society. Literature as a manifestation of the superstructure is a tool either to perpetuate the hegemonic structure or to subvert the repressive ideologies which keep socio-cultural status quo intact. The foundation of the current research comes from the theoretical concepts of Marxist critical theory which primarily deals with the class struggle and resultant oppression of the proletariat at the hands of the bourgeoisie. An attempt has been made as to how and in what ways does the novel A Village by the Sea by Anita Desai reflect the socio-economic conditions and the resultant class war, poverty and exploitation of the working class in the backdrop of the novel. The study describes Marxism in brief and analyses Marxist elements in the selected fiction. Basic tenets of Marxist critical theory form a theoretical framework for this research. The study reveals class war and struggle of the proletariat against the onslaught of capitalistic industrialization.

Hegemony and Resistance in Aysha Baqir's Beyond the Fields: A Gramscian Analysis

Tuba Safdar — 2024-10-17

The research paper examines the themes of cultural hegemony and counter-hegemonic resistance in Aysha Baqir’s Beyond the Fields (2019). Drawing upon Antonio Gramsci’s theoretical concepts of hegemony and counter-hegemony, the study analyzes the text to understand how it positions its characters as agents or victims of cultural hegemony in a patriarchal society. The research is qualitative in nature and explores the complex and multilayered dynamics of hegemony in the novel’s postcolonial Pakistani society. The findings reveal that economy and culture play essential roles in the emotional, sexual, and social subjugation and dehumanization of the proletariat, especially women. However, Gramsci’s counter-hegemonic intellectuals like Zara and Umar give a sense of hope by revealing, challenging and subverting the hegemonic patriarchal structures. This study of hegemony in the recent Anglophone Pakistani novels like Beyond the Fields (2019) offers a foundation for future researchers to explore hegemonic power structures and counter-hegemonic resistance in fiction and society.

The Language Attitudes and Choices of English Language Learners at the University of Sindh A Comparative Study of Sindhi and English

Iram Sagheer — 2024-10-21

The current research study aims to analyse the language attitudes of undergraduate English language learners (ELLs) towards both (Sindhi and English) languages. It aims to investigate the language choices of undergraduate English language learners (ELLs) in different domains of language use. The study uses the quantitative research design, the questionnaire survey was distributed among 150 participants who were selected through purposive sampling. The results show that participants have almost the same attitude towards both (Sindhi and English) languages. Exploring their attitudes towards the Sindhi language. They stated that Sindhi is our mother tongue, it’s our childhood language, and it should be used in all domains of language use, it must be used in all domains of language use, nevertheless, they indicated that Sindhi should be taught side by side with the English language. Moreover, by exploring their attitudes towards the English language in comparison to the Sindhi language, the participants stated that it's important for them to speak English in all the domains. English should be learned everywhere because it’s the official language of the state. Knowledge of English made possible for them to advance academically, its necessary for their success in career. Lastly, they even declared that learning the English language improves their economic status.

Navigating Mixed Identities in Colonized Nations: Exploring Self-Apprehension Through Post-Colonial Lens

Attia Kanwal — 2024-10-22

The study aims to examine the use of self-apprehension processes to study the values and reject conventional colonial rhetoric. Three poets, Langston Hughes from Africa, Oodegeroo Noonuccal from Australia, and Shujta Bhatt from India have their post-colonial perspectives examined in this qualitative study. With an emphasis on nationhood and nationalism, the writers seek to rewrite history for their countries. Hughes' "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" describes the rich cultural legacy of the African race, Noonuccal's "The Dispossessed" symbolizes the wrongs done to her country by European colonists, and Bhatt's "A Different History" examines the effects of colonialism on the Indian people. According to Ashcroft’s national and regional models, the distinctive features of the particular national or regional culture are explored. The realities of colonized and colonizers are brought to light in post-colonial literature, emphasizing how colonizers' seeds have weakened the foundations of colonized nations and destroyed their sense of national identity. By highlighting the cultural and moral distinctions between colonized and colonizers, the research opens the ground for further researchers to explore the problem of reputation and dignity through a colonial lens.

Demographic Determinants of Entrepreneurial Spirit among Faisalabad's Graduate Students

Abdur Rehman Shahzad — 2024-10-22

This empirical study investigates the relationship between demographic characteristics and entrepreneurial intentions among both graduate and postgraduate students based in Faisalabad. A total of 300 students from ten various educational institutions revealed that 43% of the respondents are intent on starting their businesses immediately after graduation, while 74% believe they are influenced by family members to seek paid employment. Notably, one-third of the respondents asserted that they were running businesses while still at university, highlighting the importance of their educational experiences. The statistical analysis showed significant correlations of the entrepreneurial attitude with all the other factors encompassed such as gender, field of study, financial background, family expectations, place of residence, and family profession. This research advocates for the introduction of tailored entrepreneurial development programs and policy reforms to advance entrepreneurship. This study enriches the international body of literature on entrepreneurship and provides recommendations to policymakers for designing effective training programs and support systems for aspiring entrepreneurs.

A River Dies of Thirst: Darwish’s Gloomy Prognosis of Dispossessed, Displaced, and Trauma-afflicted Exiled Palestinians

Kanwal Zafar — 2024-10-23

The paper applies the theory of transnationalism to Mahmoud Darwish’s A River Dies of Thirst, exploring how his poetry reflects the traumatizing experiences of Palestinians, their perpetual displacement, and their lost identity. As a poet Darwish personally underwent psychological, physical, and emotional suffering in exile when Zionists imposed forced expulsion. His poetry is teemed with Palestinians’ heart-wrenching narratives of the dispossession of their belongings and the irreparable loss of their loved ones. A translation approach analyzes Darwish’s depiction of exile, fragmented identity, and territorial loss, focusing on how contemporary geopolitics influences these experiences. The Study finds that Darwish’s poetry powerfully expresses the Palestinian reality of landlessness, forced diaspora, and the diminishing of their homeland, creating a profound sense of loss and dislocation.

Queer Silence, Queer Noise: Exploring the Power Dynamics of Unspoken Desire in The Mercies by Kiran Millwood

Iqra Hameed — 2024-10-23

This study probes into the challenges of same-sex relationships within patriarchal and heterosexist societies, utilizing Kiran Millwood Hargrave's novel, The Mercies as a case study. Rooted in Teresa de Lauretis' queer theory, this research examines nonnormative desire, opposition to heteronormativity and the subversion of traditional gender roles. Through a critical analysis of The Mercies, this study identifies strategies to challenge stereotypical perceptions of women, men and queer individuals. The novel emerges as an anti-patriarchal and queer text, offering a unique perspective on same-sex relationships. The complex relationship between Maren and Ursa is particularly noteworthy, highlighting Maren's sexual desire distinct from romantic love. This research contributes to existing literature by demonstrating how queer narratives reshape paradigms, endorsing for increased representation, adoption of queer theory and future studies on queer representation in historical narratives, eventually promoting deeper understanding and challenging heteronormative norms.

Jack Kerouac’s "On The Road": A Cultural Rebellion

Maeda Shakil Mirza — 2024-10-27

This paper explores the significant impact of the Beat Generation on post-World War II American culture and literature, focusing specifically on Jack Kerouac's seminal work, On the Road. Emerging in the late 1940s and 1950s, the Beat Generation comprised writers and artists who rejected the materialism and conformity of American society, advocating values of autonomy, spontaneity, and spiritual depth. Through a close reading of On the Road, this analysis examines Kerouac’s narrative style and character development, highlighting the philosophical ethos of the Beats. The findings reveal that Kerouac's protagonists embody a rejection of the traditional American Dream, embarking on journeys across the nation in search of authenticity and meaning within a commercially driven landscape. Ultimately, the study suggests that future research should investigate the broader cultural implications of Beat literature and its lasting influence on contemporary American values and artistic expressions, further enriching our understanding of this pivotal literary movement.

Kamala’s Guidance and Duality in Siddhartha’s Individuation: A Jungian Psychological Analysis of Hermann Hesse’s Siddhartha an Indian Tale

Saima Bashir — 2024-10-29

Taking Carl Jung’s concept of Self as a point of departure, the article decodes Siddhartha’s process of Individuation through his multidimensional relationship with Kamala in Hermann Hesse’s Siddhartha: An Indian Tale. Kamala the courtesan, as a teacher, a partner, and a lover, plays an indispensable role in Siddhartha’s spiritual awakening. The Jungian psychological lens is used to analyze Kamala’s unique feminine character and take her as an epitome of anima, thus conveying the unconscious feminine facets of Siddhartha’s own psyche. Her personality manifests itself as a coin embodying both the opposite sides of light and shadow animas which support Siddhartha in the nurturing of his individuality and the confrontation with the reality of the materialistic world. Siddhartha’s encounter with Kamala enhances his comprehension of the complexities of human relationships and their outcomes. Illustrating the significance of animus in Kamala’s own individuation, the study explores how Kamala’s loss in the form of her death leads the protagonist towards his destination.

The Impact of Social Media Campaigns on the 2024 Elections in District Jhang

Imtiaz Ahmad — 2024-10-30

This paper investigates the impact of social media campaigns on the voting behavior of university and college students in District Jhang, Pakistan, in the general elections of 2024. Social media has become a powerful tool for political engagement on a large scale, with platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter actively shaping young voters’ political identities and loyalties. To understand this effect, we surveyed 220 students, examining how social media influences their voting decisions. The findings show that targeted content, including political headlines, memes, endorsements, and advertisements, plays a significant role in shaping young voters’ opinions. Based on 1,753,999 registered voters in county, the impact of social media on electoral choices reflects broader trends in Pakistani elections. The study recommended that political parties increase their social media usage to better engage youth and also promote media literacy to combat misinformation. In addition, a dual online and offline campaign system is proposed to strengthen segmentation and ensure effective political communication.

Relevance and Iqbal’s Concept of Khudi: Analyzing English Translation of Selective Poems of Allama Iqbal from Zarb-E- Kaleem

Mona Hanif — 2024-10-30

This study examines the translation of Allama Muhammad Iqbal's concept of ‘Khudi’ in selected English translations of his poems through the lens of Relevance Theory, a framework rooted in cognitive pragmatics developed by Gutt (1991). Relevance Theory posits that the relationship between a source text and its translation is determined by interpretive resemblance rather than strict equivalence. The sample has been comprised of three poems from Zarb-e-Kaleem (1936), translated by Syed Akbar Ali Shah as The Rod of Mosses (1983) and the sample has been taken by applying the purposeful sampling technique. The selected poems, Khudi ki Zindagi (The Life of Selfhood), Agahi (Awareness), and Hayat-e-Abdi (Eternal Life), serve as case studies to examine the extent to which the translator’s choices reflect cognitive and optimal relevance. The study finds that while the translation maintains a surface-level resemblance to Iqbal’s original metaphors and imagery, it somehow falls short of conveying the full cognitive and philosophical depth of ‘Khudi’. The findings indicate that while the translation align with Relevance Theory in terms of preserving general ideas, it lacks the deeper cognitive relevance and interpretive depth necessary to fully convey Iqbal's intricate philosophical ideas. The study concludes that translation is an interpretive act that involves balancing linguistic fidelity with the cognitive and cultural resonance of the original text.

Optimism in Postmodern Fiction: A Psychological Study of Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West through Martin Seligman's Hope Circuit Theory

Muneeba Mughal — 2024-11-02

The present study investigates the nuanced portrayal of optimism in Mohsin Hamid's novel "Exit West" by employing Hope Circuit Theory by Martin Seligman. Seligman's theory is situated within the paradigm of positive psychology, dissects the cognitive components of optimism, emphasizing personalization, permanence, and pervasiveness. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach to highlight the characteristics of optimism in Saeed and Nadia's characters, respectively. The textual analysis method has been used to give a thorough comprehension of the character's level of optimism about life. The results of this study provide insights into the subtleties of the perspectives of the characters as well as how literature may be used as a tool for investigating and comprehending psychological ideas. The study also adds to the larger conversation about how literature and positive psychology intersect by offering a sophisticated analysis of the ways in which narratives can reflect and expand our understanding of intricate psychological characteristics like optimism.

Examining the Direct Influence of Classroom Lighting Quality on Students' Learning Abilities and Academic Achievement

Rooh ul Ain Laiqa — 2024-11-04

This study examined the impact of quality of light in classroom on student’s learning abilities and academic achievements, with primary objectives to know about quality of light in classrooms, and, to determine and evaluate its importance. Sixty students of grade XI from one government girls’ higher secondary school were selected as judgemental sample. Sample students were divided into two (experimental and control) groups, housed in two separate spaces, and taught for three weeks. To set a baseline about the academic level of students, a pre-test in the subject of English was developed. After three weeks treatment, the academic achievements of students were evaluated through post-test. Data obtained through pre-test and post-test was analysed and interpreted. Findings revealed a considerable impact of the quality of light on students’ academic achievement. The study suggests improving lighting conditions to create more supportive learning environments and enhance educational outcomes.

Language Choices in Varying Sociocultural Contexts: Understanding How EFL Leaner Agency Shapes Language Preferences in Pakistan

Niaz Hussain Soomro — 2024-11-05

This study examines how sociocultural factors and individual agency shape language choices among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners in Pakistan. In a multilingual and multicultural society, EFL learners face distinct challenges, encountering diverse language expectations in various social settings. The research investigates how learners' language choices are influenced by regional linguistic diversity, cultural norms, and personal goals, spanning formal, professional, casual, and domestic interactions. Using a mixed-methods approach with surveys and semi-structured interviews, the study captures perspectives from learners with linguistic backgrounds including Urdu, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, and Brahui. Findings reveal that learners exercise significant agency, adapting their language use based on context, societal expectations, and peer influence. The study recommends that language education policies in Pakistan recognize learner autonomy and sociocultural contexts to enhance multilingual competence. Such policies can better support EFL learners’ ability to navigate Pakistan’s complex linguistic landscape effectively.

Reimagining Pakistani Muslim Identity in Pre-9/11 America in Selected Pakistani Diasporic Fiction

Bilal Asmat Cheema — 2024-11-06

The objective of this study is to examine how pre-9/11 America is portrayed in Pakistani diasporic fiction, and how it shapes Pakistani Muslim identity influencing the interplay between religious and cultural identities. This study applies Aroosa Kanwal’s theory of Rethinking Identities in Contemporary Pakistani Fiction: Beyond 9/11 and Samuel P. Huntington’s theory of Clash of Civilizations and the Making of a New World Order to analyze both novels to contextualize Pakistan’s cultural and religious representation in the pre-9/11 American cities.A qualitative approach has been adopted using interpretation as a research method. The study reveals that both novels emphasize the complex relationship between religious and diasporic identities and challenges experienced by the Pakistani diaspora in pre-9/11 contexts. The study suggests that future research should explore the evolution of Pakistani diasporic fiction post-9/11 to compare how shifting global attitudes have influenced representations of religious and cultural identities.

Analysing Intra-lingual and Inter-lingual Errors in ESL Learners’ Essays at the University Level

Abdul Razzaque Jat — 2024-11-08

The present study aims to analyse intra-lingual and inter-lingual types of errors, their causes and accessible solutions to the writing deficiency that majority of ESL learners face at the university level, and they fail to get satisfactory results in language learning. For investigation of this problem, a mixed-method approach, an explanatory sequential design was used. For data collection two instruments were used i.e., essay writing and semi-structured interviews. The data analysis was done by applying the Gas and Selinker (2008) error analysis model. Moreover, for intra-lingual errors, James’ (2013) error analysis taxonomy, and for the inter-lingual types of errors, the inter-lingual error taxonomy, suggested by Riri, Haryanto, and Salija (2018) was followed. The results demonstrate that the highest percentage of errors was found in intra-lingual and the lowest percentage of inter-lingual errors. Furthermore, the results indicated that the highest percentage in intra-lingual types of errors was overgeneralization followed by overlooking co-occurrence restrictions, exploiting redundancy, incomplete rule application, misanalysis, and hypercorrection respectively. Whereas, in inter-lingual errors, the highest percentage was overproduction, followed by misinterpretation, underproduction, calques, and substitutions. This present research is very significant for language teachers in finding minimize errors made by ESL learners in their essays at the university level.

Effectiveness of List-Group-Label (LGL) Strategy on MDCAT Students’ Vocabulary Development

Tooba Noor — 2024-11-11

This study aimed to assess the impact of the List-Group-Label (LGL) method on students' vocabulary achievement. Using a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers employing the LGL strategy for vocabulary instruction. Data were gathered via purposive sampling and analysed thematically. Findings indicated a significant improvement in students’ vocabulary skills after adopting the LGL approach. Teachers reported that activities such as group work, vocabulary organization, brainstorming, digital tools, flashcards, and writing new words on the board were key in enhancing vocabulary. These strategies not only support vocabulary acquisition but also prepare students for general and international exams. The study’s results offer valuable insights for educators, ELT practitioners, curriculum designers, and MDCAT teachers, suggesting that the LGL strategy is beneficial for developing all four language skills reading, writing, speaking, and listening and can be applied beyond MDCAT students to support broader language learning goals.

Predictors of English as Second Language Proficiency of Pakistani Undergraduate Business Students

Suhail Ahmed Sarhandi — 2024-11-11

The study aims to identify the strongest predictors of English as a second language (ESL) proficiency, specifically in reading and writing, among undergraduate management sciences students across three Pakistani universities. Utilizing purposive sampling, data were collected from 350 participants through questionnaires and proficiency tests and analyzed with regression analysis via SPSS. Results indicated that motivation to learn English emerged as the strongest predictor of overall L2 proficiency, followed closely by attitudes towards learning English and the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL). For ESL reading proficiency, motivation again ranked highest, followed by SILL and attitudes. In contrast, SILL was the primary predictor for writing proficiency, with motivation and attitudes following. The study recommends that ESL teachers foster environments that enhance student motivation and cultivate positive attitudes towards learning English. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of training learners in effective language learning strategies both in and out of the classroom to improve their ESL skills.

Echoes of the Unheard: Reimagining Colonial History in The Miraculous True History of Nomi Ali

Azher Khan — 2024-11-11

This article examines how contemporary women writers from South Asia are challenging traditional historical narratives by excavating and reconstructing silenced feminine perspectives, with a focus on The Miraculous True History of Nomi Ali (2019) by Uzma Aslam Khan. Employing Linda Hutcheon’s theory of historiographic metafiction, the study analyzes Khan’s narrative strategies in reimagining colonial history through a feminist lens. The study argues that Khan’s work resurrects neglected historical narratives and enhances readers’ historical awareness by inviting critical engagement with the construction of historical knowledge. By skillfully interweaving fact and fiction, Khan expands the boundaries of traditional historiography, incorporating postmodern dimensions into her exploration of political and historical themes. The study demonstrates how Khan’s novel gives voice to subaltern experiences, particularly those of women within the context of South Asian colonial history, challenges dominant discourses, and fosters a more complex historical consciousness.

Women Instrumentalization and Environmental Deterioration: A Study of Ecofeminism in the Uzma Aslam Khan’s novel Thinner than Skin

Faiza Shafique — 2024-11-16

This study examines the intricate connections between women's outspoken oppression, ecofeminism, and ecological catastrophe in a society that is grappling with serious environmental problems and ongoing gender inequity in Uzma Aslam Khan’s novel Thinner than Skin. Khan deftly analyses how the earth is used and turned into a commodity. The novel examines the connections between oppression and the pressing need for a radical strategy that incorporates ecofeminism and gender equality for environmental justice. In the novel, Thinner than Skin, Khan raises important issues about how women may be influencing the course of the world. By applying theoretical framework of ecofeminism by Françoise d’Eaubonned’, this study utilized the perspective of ecofeminism to examine how the novel tackles the adverse effects of silencing voices, objectification of women based on cultural norms, the exploitation of the Earth's resources, and its influence on ecological crises. The writer portrays the principal effects of environmental deterioration as depicted in the novel and its correlation with the concept of resistance, specifically related to the suppressed and marginalized voices of women. This exploitation is frequently rationalized by a perceived social structure that prioritizes humans, specifically societies with male dominance, over the natural world.

Exploring Voices of Symbolism in Najwa Zebian’s The Nectar of Pain

Shehriyar Younas — 2024-11-18

This study aims to analyze the symbols used in Najwa Zebian’s book of poetry called “The Nectar of Pain” to uncover themes of human’s feelings and emotions. The poetess is a Lebanese who wrote her poetry after she was betrayed by her lover. She was in trauma due to her lover’s disloyalty. She wrote her poetry to express her feelings of pain, hope, revenge and love. Therefore, her poetry expresses her post-traumatic condition through figures of speech and symbols. This study analyzed symbols through close reading technique. After the analysis, this study shows that the poetess has expressed many themes through the use of symbols. This analysis revealed dominant themes of her poetry are revenge, self-identity, betrayal, hope and hypocrisy and double standards of her lover. Key symbols used are “rose,” “heart,” “flower,” “darkness,” “sky,” “pearls,” “home” and “bird.” To address the emotional turmoil reflected in her work, readers could explore therapeutic practices like journaling or poetry workshops that healing through creative expression.

Ethereal Whispers of Indigenous Nature: Mazhar Nisar’s Spiritual Odyssey at Mahogany Junction

Faisal Arif Sukhera — 2024-11-30

This research work explores the connection between nature and spirituality in Mazhar Nisar's poetry, focusing on his indigenous Sufi perspective as a means to inspire environmental awareness. Drawing on eco-critical theories by Lawrence Buell (1986) and Cheryll Glotfelty (1996), the research examines Nisar's anthology Mahogany Junction, where nature serves as both muse and mentor, guiding the "wayfarer" at the imaginary "Mahogany Junction" toward spiritual transcendence and divine love. Using qualitative textual analysis, the study investigates key motifs such as “whirling dervish,” “starry nights,” and “rain is the little girl” to highlight their eco-spiritual significance. The findings reveal a deep narrative of interconnectedness, underscoring nature's central role in both spiritual awakening and ecological preservation. The study recommends incorporating Nisar’s eco-spiritual themes into educational and literary discourse to promote environmental conservation and spiritual harmony.

Parametric Patterns and Contextual Dynamics in Child Vloggers' Urdu Speech: A Study of Spontaneity and Structure

Shahida Riaz — 2024-11-30

The main objective of present research is to provide analysis in the context of heterogeneous and media-influenced speech communities and its role in the substantiation of the parameters of the language of exposure. The premise of the research is to examine that in situations where the children are motivated to speak, what parametric and structural patterns emerge in the speech of 5-6 years of age. Though the children speech on social media is generally assumed to be scripted but an overview of child vloggers speech reveals that it is spontaneous, developmental and creative. Taking a sample of two child-vloggers’ speech, this research aims to explore the parametric patterns of Urdu these children exhibit in their output to the mediated environment. The research concludes that in formal setting of social media public-speaking platforms, children are eloquent and they significantly exhibit a range of syntactical structures of their language of exposure.

Margins, Ruptures, Lacunae: Minority Identity Development in Joseph Bhatti and Alice Bhatti in Muhammad Hanif’s Our Lady of Alice Bhatti

Ayesha Perveen — 2024-11-30

The paper studies Muhammad Hanif’s (1964-) second novel Our Lady of Alice Bhatti (2012) from a minority identity development perspective. In this regard, the identity development of Alice Bhatti and her father Joseph Bhatti has been compared by bringing into discussion the nature of their ruptures and lacunae as minority individuals. For this purpose, the minority identity development model of Atkinson, Morten and Sue (1998) has been employed as a theoretical framework. The choices of both the characters as intergenerational minority characters are analyzed to throw light on the dis/integration process of minority individuals belonging to a religion different from the majority’s. Alice is at the resolution stage when she chooses to marry a Muslim man, in search of a stable core. However, she is ensnared by her bad fortune. On the other hand, it is her father Joseph Bhatti, who becomes a representative of resilience as he does not get tired of seeking justice for her. He achieves the level of integrative awareness, the last stage of the minority identity model by appealing to the Vatican. The study also recommends future research on the novel as a critique of the contemporary political situation of the world through making a comparison of the national centre-periphery and global centre-periphery representations by focusing on the need to uphold the rights of minorities anywhere in the world.

Imagining Contemporary Pakistan: A Paracolonial Perspective on Omar Shahid Hamid’s The Spinner’s Tale

Yousaf Munir — 2024-12-04

The objective of this research is to explore how Omar Shahid Hamid’s The Spinner’s Tale reflects the socio-political issues of contemporary Pakistan, particularly focusing on the psychological and cultural legacies of colonialism. Colonialism influences contemporary Pakistan in terms of psycho-social and socio-political sense. The novel hints at the enduring effects of colonial influence. However, Hamid views indigenous history as root cause of contemporary issues. Using Ali Usman Saleem’s paracolonial theory as the primary analytical framework to explore how Hamid’s novel detaches from the colonial past without undermining its influences on contemporary Pakistan. The study will also utilize Gayatri Spivak’s concept of subaltern identity to understand marginalized voices within the novel. The findings reveal contemporary Pakistan’s obsession with foreign cultural values, linguistic superiority of English, identity crisis amidst globalization, and bureaucracy. The novel critiques the influence of colonial mindsets in governance, offering insights into the larger implications for Pakistan’s socio-political identity.

Exploring Racial Injustice in Morrison’s The Bluest Eye and a Mercy

Abdul Rauf — 2024-12-09

The main objective of this article is to examine the racial injustice as portrayed in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye (1970) and A Mercy (2008) with a specific focus on the experiences of Black individuals in American society. Using Critical Race Theory (CRT) as a theoretical framework and employing qualitative research methods. This study meticulously explores the depiction and resistance of racial injustice in Morrison's narratives. This research explores the unique struggles faced by characters like Pecola and Florens. When they make efforts in the face of the difficulties of self-identity in the societal norms of both White and Black communities. By emphasizing themes of racial identity, oppression, and belonging, this research uncovers the intricate layers of systemic racism deeply ingrained in American social structures. It also delineates various forms of racial injustice depicted in the novels, ranging from overt acts of discrimination to more subtle manifestations of structural oppression.

Role of Netspeak as a Barrier to Learning English as a Second Language

Atiya Rehman — 2024-12-12

Following the global trend, Pakistani students are increasingly becoming dependent on netspeak. However, what differentiates them from the rest of the world is the use of Roman Urdu for netspeak as Urdu is the first language in Pakistan. This study investigates the negative impact of netspeak on the academic writing of Pakistani students of English as a second language (ESL) The population consisted of 200 bachelor's students, while the study sample was 54 bachelor's students at the University of Lahore. Convenience sampling was used to collect the data. The data was collected through a five-point Likert scale survey questionnaire. The results indicated that the students mostly used emoticons, homophones, contractions, clippings and acronyms and the netspeak acted as a barrier in correct English usage for academic writing. It was also observed that netspeak as an emerging mode of communication has become deeply rooted as the students intentionally or unintentionally used netspeak in academic writings. The study recommends the need of inculcating metalinguistic awareness amongst students for comparing correct English words with netspeak as a teaching strategy.

Exploring Resistance in Ngugi’s Matigari: A Fanonian Perspective

Rubina Shaheen — 2024-12-12

Matigari, an influential work, by Ngugi wa Thiong’o was brought into the public attention in 1986 which reveals resistance to the dominating system of post-colonialism and neocolonialism. Pursuing Kenyan independence, the novel which is set in Kenya discloses the story of Matigari Ma Njiruungi, who symbolizes the fight against injustice and inequality. Ngugi assesses the fiascos of the governments of post-colonialism to address a corrupt system of inequality by assimilating mythological themes, social criticism and cultural symbols. This novel thoroughly portrays resistance as both an individual and communal struggle firmly established in cultural traditions. The novel examines the persisting existence of oppressive colonial system in distinct ways and points out the critical role of unity in overwhelming the oppressive system. This analysis of the novel concentrates upon symbols, communal unity and language to demonstrate resistance, offering a transparent observation of Ngugi’s assessment of neocolonialism and struggle for genuine freedom.

Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Loneliness among Young Adults and Older Retired Population

Madiha Azam — 2024-12-12

The aim of the study was to determine whether there is a significant relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Loneliness among young adults and older retired population. It was hypothesized that there would be a difference in feelings of loneliness in both populations. The sample size consisted of 80 participants in which 40 participants were young adults (18-25 years), selected from a private university, 40 participants were older retired (60+years), each set consisted 20 male and 20 female participants. Emotional Intelligence was tested through Schulte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test, while Loneliness was assessed using Revised UCLA Loneliness scale. The result showed a difference (p = 0.040) between the feelings of loneliness of young adults and older retired population, they indicate negative correlation (r = -0.348) between Emotional Intelligence and Loneliness, depicting that lower levels of Loneliness in individual with high Emotional Intelligence. The research carries implications for further intervention focusing on coping strategies to counter the negative effects of Loneliness and enhancement of Emotional Intelligence from a younger age.

Integrating Generative AI into Technology-Mediated Task-Based Language Teaching (TMTBLT) for Enhancing English Language Learning in Pakistan

Rizwan Ullah Ejaz — 2024-12-15

Pakistani undergraduate students face difficulties shifting from traditional methods of English Language Teaching (ELT) towards experiential approaches which could prepare them better for professional contexts. This study explores the integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tools into Technology-Mediated Task-Based Language Teaching (TMTBLT) for English Language Teaching (ELT) at this level. It uses a mixed-methods approach to examine the impact of these tools on learners’ communicative competence, speaking confidence, and motivation. Results indicate that AI-powered TMTBLT fosters significant improvements in language skills, and particularly benefits students from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds. However, limited technological access and digital literacy appear to be the major barriers in realizing its full potential. The study recommends systemic reforms for bridging equity gaps, enhancing real-world communication skills, and preparing learners for global challenges.

Investigating Homi K Bhabha’s Mimicry in Moni Mohsin's Diary of a Social Butterfly

Zainab Batool — 2024-12-17

The main objectives of this study are to show how individuals mimic the upper class as they cannot truly reach them, with the lower class placing significant value and emphasis on the elite. The research examines why the middle class mimics the elite and how the elite functions as a colonizer in this dynamic. It explores the motivations behind this mimicry, leading to three outcomes: a hybrid culture, a crisis of identity, and social isolation. Descriptive and qualitative research along with textual analysis, form the methodology. The primary source is Mohsin’s The Diary of a Social Butterfly, supported by critical literary theory, research papers, and literature reviews. Results reveal that the central character, the Butterfly, imitates and adapts to the elite class's Western-influenced culture. To address these issues, literature must promote cultural blending positively, reconnect individuals to their roots, and emphasize human connection to combat social isolation.

The Role of SAARRD Application for EFL Learning in Pakistani Schools

Syed Waqar Hussain Shah — 2024-12-17

The primary intent of this research is to investigate the role of communicative language technique SAARRD for teaching English as a Foreign Language. The research is focused on the implementation of these tools to make English a familiar mode of communication for students who have not been associated to it in their cultural or social paradigms. It employs the case study of Pakistani students who have been subjected to learn English as a language and as a mode of education. The main objective of this study is to understand the hostility that English language makes students feel and their reluctance to incorporate it as a mode of communication in their daily lives. This research demonstrates that the application of SAARRD (Security, Aggression, Attention, Reflection, Retention and Discrimination) also helps the teachers understand the psychological behavior of the learners and aid in the development of more effective methods of teaching.

Effectiveness of STEM Approach on Enhancing Critical Thinking Skill of Elementary School Students

Muhammad Azeem — 2024-12-18

This study evaluates how the STEM approach to teaching might address global educational concerns while enhancing elementary school students’ critical thinking skills. A key component of creative and social advancement, STEM-based instruction provides a cutting-edge framework that combines conventional instruction with skills that are relevant to the future. Employing a Solomon Four-Group experimental design, the study analyzes data from 184 public school pupils in the eighth grade. In a 2x2 factorial design, pretext, posttest, and retention posttest measures were used to compare the critical thinking results of STEM and traditional education methods. While STEM-based instruction dramatically enhanced critical thinking (posttest: M = 63.47, SD = 5.03; retention: M = 61.89, SD = 4.72, Cohen’s d = 1.52), traditional groups only made minor increases (pretest: M = 4.87, SD = 4.23). Treatment effects were found to be significant (F (1, 180) = 576.21, p < 0.05). STEM education gives young people the critical thinking skills they need to succeed in today’s complicated, interconnected world, producing workforce and informed citizens.

Infertility Stress as a Predictor of Marital Satisfaction in Married Couples with Infertility in Pakistan

Rabia Mushtaq — 2024-12-18

The objective of the current research was to determine the predictive association between infertility stress and marital satisfaction in married couples with infertility in Pakistan. The correlational study was conducted to find if there would be a significant predictive association between infertility-related stress and marital satisfaction in married couples have infertility. The study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan from September 2023 to December 2023. 40 married couples with age ranged between 20-40 years (X̄=32.3; SD= 3.12), were selected from the Gynecology and Obstetrics departments of different hospitals and infertility clinics in Karachi, Pakistan by using purposive sampling technique. Brief interviews of the participants were carried out, and Urdu versions of Infertility-Related Stress Scale and Enriched Marital Satisfaction Scale were administered. Descriptive statistics was used for demographic characteristics of the sample, while Regression analysis was used to analyze the link between study variables. Results indicates the statistically significant predictive association between IRS and marital satisfactions in married couples with infertility (R2=.26, β=-.52, P< 0.000). The findings highlights that there exists a notable relationship between IRS and marital satisfaction, which significantly impacts individuals coping with fertility-related difficulties. These findings would help to establish specialized infertility counseling services and to enhance empathetic and impactful care, devise personalized interventions so, couples can better manage infertility-related stress, which in turn may improve marital satisfaction and overall relationship well-being.

Political Parties and Political Socialization in Pakistan: A Case study of PTI

Anaiza Zulfiqar — 2024-12-19

This study examines that how political parties, in general, and Pakistan Tehreek e Insaf (PTI), in particular, contribute to the political socialisation of Pakistanis. Political parties have a significant impact on residents’ political engagement and values, which in turn shapes political socialisation. Founded in 1996, the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) has revolutionised politics by enlisting young people and using internet media to reach a wide range of people. Qualitative, historical, analyzing and exploratory method was used to examine the historical contributions of PTI in socializing the youth of Pakistan. The results of study reveals that the political parties especially PTI successfully mobilises young people and under-represented groups, its use of social media and grassroots activism, have a strong emotional connection with voters. To promote democratic practices inside parties, hold internal elections and transparent nomination procedures. Establish forums for public debates on political matters to increase citizens' knowledge and comprehension.