Language Choices in Varying Sociocultural Contexts: Understanding How EFL Leaner Agency Shapes Language Preferences in Pakistan

Abstract

This study examines how sociocultural factors and individual agency shape language choices among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners in Pakistan. In a multilingual and multicultural society, EFL learners face distinct challenges, encountering diverse language expectations in various social settings. The research investigates how learners' language choices are influenced by regional linguistic diversity, cultural norms, and personal goals, spanning formal, professional, casual, and domestic interactions. Using a mixed-methods approach with surveys and semi-structured interviews, the study captures perspectives from learners with linguistic backgrounds including Urdu, Sindhi, Pashto, Balochi, and Brahui. Findings reveal that learners exercise significant agency, adapting their language use based on context, societal expectations, and peer influence. The study recommends that language education policies in Pakistan recognize learner autonomy and sociocultural contexts to enhance multilingual competence. Such policies can better support EFL learners’ ability to navigate Pakistan’s complex linguistic landscape effectively.